Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics of male and female participants
| Â | Male (n= 828) | Female (n= 828) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (Mean, SD) | 65 | (10.0) | 67 | (10.6)** |
Dutch or Caucasian ethnicity | 98% | (799/815) | 98% | (797/816) |
Level of education | Â | Â | Â | ** |
   Low education | 73% | (577/795) | 87% | (688/793) |
   Average education | 21% | (166/795) | 9% | (72/793) |
   High education | 6% | (51/795) | 4% | (32/793) |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | ** |
   Married | 83% | (681/819) | 68% | (558/819) |
   Single | 8% | (69/819) | 7% | (56/819) |
   Widow/widower | 5% | (43/819) | 22% | (181/819) |
   Other | 3% | (26/819) | 3% | (24/819) |
Medical history | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Peripheral arterial disease | 25% | (195/797) | 22% | (172/800) |
Bypass or angioplasty | 17% | (140/807) | 9% | (72/801)** |
Myocardial infarction | 15% | (123/804) | 7% | (57/801)** |
Stroke | 8% | (62/806) | 6% | (48/801) |
Angina pectoris | 13% | (100/798) | 9% | (72/795)* |
Kidney failure | 3% | (27/799) | 4% | (32/797) |
Retinopathy | 4% | (25/627) | 5% | (28/594) |
Foot problem | 62% | (400/645) | 64% | (417/653) |
Clinical variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
HbA1c (Mean, SD) | 6.7 | (0.8) | 6.7 | (0.9) |
BMI (Mean, SD) | 28.1 | (4.0) | 29.9 | (5.4)** |
Cholesterol (Mean, SD) | 4.3 | (0.9) | 4.7 | (1.0)** |
LDL (Mean, SD) | 2.5 | (0.8) | 2.7 | (0.8)** |
HDL (Mean, SD) | 1.2 | (0.3) | 1.3 | (0.4)** |
Systolic blood pressure (Mean, SD) | 141.1 | (17.8) | 141.0 | (18.4) |
Diastolic blood pressure (Mean, SD) | 78.4 | (9.4) | 77.8 | (9.4) |
Diabetes duration > 3 years | 59% | (486/828) | 57% | (475/828) |
Diabetes treatment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No treatment | 1% | (8/823) | 1% | (8/817) |
   Diet | 18% | (148/823) | 17% | (135/817) |
   Diet and oral agents | 76% | (621/823) | 76% | (617/817) |
   Diet and insulin | 1% | (8/823) | 2% | (12/817) |
   Diet, oral agents, and insulin | 4% | (35/823) | 6% | (45/817) |
   Other | 0% | (3/823) | - |  |
Psychological variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Self-reported history of depression | 8% | (60/800) | 13% | (102/798)** |