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Table 3 Cognitive performance of GRAS patients. For comparison, normative data are presented wherever available2.

From: The cross-sectional GRAS sample: A comprehensive phenotypical data collection of schizophrenic patients

 

men

women

ANCOVA

total

normative data (PR) or mean

sample

values of healthy controls

 

N

mean (sd)

median

N

mean (sd)

median

F

p

N

mean (sd)

median

N

PR

(Percentile

Rank)

mean (sd)

reasoning (LPS)

663

21.26 (6.70)

22.00

324

18.79 (6.31)

18.00

17.62

< .001*

987

20.45 (6.67)

21.00

1556a

31

-

working memory (BZT)

627

13.24 (3.79)

14.00

312

12.62 (3.91)

13.00

1.20

.274

939

13.03 (3.84)

13.00

30b

-

15.70 (2.6)

executive functions (TMT-B)°

631

131.42 (104.21)

99.00

307

147.65 (121.09)

108.00

0.00

.956

938

136.73 (110.22)

100.00

24c

10

71.5 (31.07)

verbal memory 1) (VLMT)

602

41.15 (12.63)

41.00

302

42.68 (13.02)

42.00

12.38

< .001*

904

41.66 (12.78)

42.00

89d

10

52.39 (7.87)

premorbid IQ 1)(MWT-B)

613

25.96 (6.22)

27.00

311

26.21 (6.13)

27.00

0.69

.405

924

26.04 (6.19)

27.00

1952e

43.5

-

divided attention (TAP)°

              

   reaction time

651

759.67 (114.25)

743.43

308

805.16 (150.99)

780.04

14.07

< .001*

959

774.28 (128.89)

755.05

200f

8

-

   lapses

 

3.35 (7.15)

1.00

 

6.41 (13.18)

2.00

22.12

< .001*

 

4.33 (9.62)

1.00

   

processing speed

              

   trail making test A (TMT-A)°

676

49.18 (35.22)

40.00

332

55.32 (42.22)

43.00

0.17

.683

1008

51.20 (37.76)

41.00

24c

< 5

33.04 (7.89)

   digit-symbol test (ZST)

674

37.46 (12.58)

37.00

329

38.58 (14.14)

39.00

19.24

< .001*

1003

37.83 (13.12)

38.00

200g

16

-

basic cognition/fine motor function

              

   alertness (TAP)°

              

reaction time

665

319.62 (116.13)

284.08

326

379.11 (161.80)

328.04

28.30

< .001*

991

339.19 (135.73)

298.41

200f

10

-

lapses

 

0.52 (2.04)

0.00

 

1.18 (3.57)

0.00

10.39

.001*

 

0.73 (2.66)

0.00

   

   dotting

673

46.10 (13.08)

46.00

320

45.36 (14.96)

46.00

1.62

.203

993

45.86 (13.71)

46.00

103h

-

63.24 (11.03)

   tapping

671

29.01 (8.57)

29.00

319

27.58 (9.00)

27.00

0.76

.783

990

28.55 (8.73)

28.00

103h

-

37.63 (7.04)

  1. ° Higher scores reflect better performance, except for TMT-A, TMT-B, Alertness and Divided Attention (TAP)
  2. * For statistical comparison (ANCOVA) between men and women values are corrected for age, duration of disease, chlorpromazine equivalents and years of education (except MWT-B).
  3. 1) Non-native and non-bilingual German speaking patients are excluded (n = 89).
  4. 2) Percentile ranks (PR) < 15 indicate that the mean or the median of the total sample is below average in comparison to a normative sample.
  5. aHorn W: Leistungsprüfsystem (LPS). 2 edition. Goettingen: Hogrefe; 1983. bGold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR: Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54(2):159-165. cPerianez JA, Rios-Lago M, Rodriguez-Sanchez JM, Adrover-Roig D, Sanchez-Cubillo I, Crespo-Facorro B, Quemada JI, Barcelo F: Trail Making Test in traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and normal ageing: sample comparisons and normative data. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007, 22(4):433-447. dHelmstaedter C, Lendt M, Lux S: Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest (VLMT). Goettingen: Beltz; 2001. eLehrl S: Mehrfach-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Balingen: Spitta Verlag; 1999. fZimmermann P, Fimm B: Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP). Version 1.02c. Herzogenrath: PSYTEST; 1993. gTewes U: Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest fuer Erwachsene (HAWIE-R). Bern: Huber; 1991. hHealthy controls recruited for selected cognitive and olfactory testing (unpublished data).