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Table 2 Study results

From: A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: prevalence, aetiology and treatment

Author

Results

Prevalence

Mikton C. Grounds A. 2007

Vignette 1 (BPD): no sig diff in diagnosis PD. Vignette 2 (ASPD): More Caucasian than afro-Caribbean diagnosed ASPD (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5-4.4, p = 0.0006) or with any PD (OR 2.7, 1.6-4.7, p = 0.0002). Clinicians 2.8 (1.6-5.0 p < 0.001) times more likely to attribute any PD to Caucasian than afro-Caribbean. Non-white clinicians are 2.2 (1.1-4.6 p = 0.04) times more likely than white clinicians to attribute a diagnosis of any PD to vignette II

Not real pts - hypothetical examples

Al-Saffar S. Borga P. Wicks S. Hallstrom T. 2004

PD related to Swedish origin OR 2.16, CI 1.51-3.09, p = 0.05.

 

Castaneda R. Franco H. 1985

Females at least 3 times more likely than males to have BPD, except in Hispanic population where no diff found. Black: t = 2.57 df 23 p < 0.02. White: t = 2.72 df 39 p < 0.01. More Hispanic men were diagnosed with BPD than white or black men (x2 = 4.39, df 1, p < 0.05). No sig diff among females of diff ethnic grps. No sig diff among ethnic grps overall

101/1583 inpatient sample had PD: White 41/101 (40.6%) Black 25/101 (24.8%) Hispanic 34/101 (33.7%) Other 1/101 (0.9%) In each population: White 41/577 (7.1%) Black 25/558 (4.5%) Hispanic 34/402 (8.5%) Other 1/46 (2.2%)

Tyrer P. Merson S. Onyett S. Johnson T. 1994

63% Caucasian patients diagnosed with PD compared to only 25% of other races (mostly Afro-Caribbean) x2 12.4, df 1, p < 0.001 OR 0.2 (0.07-0.6)

63% Caucasian patients diagnosed with PD compared to only 25% of other races (mostly Afro-Caribbean) x2 = 12.4, df 1, p < 0.001 OR 0.2 (0.07-0.6)

Trestman RL. Ford J. Zhang W. Wiesbrock V. 2007

No significant differences between race in ASPD or BPD. Hispanic men (56.7%) were more likely to meet the criteria for Cluster B diagnosis than white (39.7%) or black (37.7%) men (x2 = 7.18, 2 df, p < 0.05) Hispanic men more likely to ASPD (53.7%) than white (35.7%) or black (35.5%) (x2 = 7.18, 2 df, p < 0.05)

Axis II disorder: White 5.1% (12/218) Black 5.7% (10/177) Hispanic 11% (12/110) ASPD: White 30.7% Black 32.4% Hispanic 45.9% BPD: White 20.3% Black 11.6% Hispanic 17.4%

Maden A. Friendship T. McClintock T. Rutter S. 1999

White patients had a higher incidence of PD compared to black patients (22% vs 6% OR = 4.52 95% CI 1.79-11.4 no p value given, although discussed as statistically significant)

In ethnic pop: White 28/125 (22% of white pop) Black 6/100 (6% of black pop) With PD: White 28/34 (82.4%) Black 6/34 (17.6%) In sample: White 28/225 (12.4%) Black 6/225 (2.7%) Overall 34/225 (15.1%)

Coid J. Petruckevitch A. Bebbington P. Brugha T. Bhugra D. et al 2002

For any PD, black men had a lower risk than white men in unadjusted analyses: OR 0.67 (0.51-0.88) p = 0.004. These findings are not sustained in adjusted analyses. South Asian men similarly had a lower risk than whites (OR 0.54 (0.33-0.87) p = 0.012) respectively. Conversely, more women prisoners received a diagnosis of PD than white females (adjusted OR 2.31 (1.27-4.2) p = 0.006)

Raw figures not provided, only calculated ORs

Coid J. Petruckevitch A. Bebbington P. Brugha T. Bhugra D. et al 2002

Black people with PD less likely to have had prior treatment than white people. White pop more likely to have PD: Black men OR 0.49 (0.27-0.9) p = 0.022 Black women OR 0.13 (0.05-0.34) p < 0.001. White women were more likely to have the following PDs compared with black women: OCD, Paranoid, Schizotypal, BPD and Antisocial PD

Raw figures not provided, only calculated ORs

Coid J. Kahtan N. Gault S. Jarman B. 2000

For any PD, black patients had less risk than whites (OR 0.22 (0.15-0.31) p < 0.001), Asians also had lower risk OR 0.1 (0.03-0.41) [p < 0.001]

In ethnic pop: White 452/2224 (20%) Black 33/628 (5%) Asian 2/80 (3%) With PD: White 452/487 (92.8%) Black 33/487 (6.8%) Asian 2/487 (0.4%) Entire sample: White 452/2932 (15.4%) Black 33/2932 (0.01%) Asian 2/2932 (0.06%)

Coid J. Kahtan N. Gault S. Jarman B. 1999

Patients w PD more likely to be Caucasian (470/511 92%) than were those with mental illness (1833/2575 71%) OR 4.62, 3.32-6.43 p < 0.001. Afro-Caribbean mentally ill (615/2575 24%) compared w PD (33/511 6%) OR 4.55, 3.16-6.55 p < 0.001. Pts w PD more likely to be UK-born than those w mental illness (488 95% vs 2137 83%) OR 4.34, 2.82-6.68 p < 0.001

With PD: White 470/511 (92%) Afro-Caribbean 33/511 (6%)

Bender DS. Skodol AE. Dyck IR. Markowitz JC. Shea MT. et al 2007

Baseline data: African American (OR 0.22, 0.07-0.7) & Hispanic (OR 0.47, 0.09-0.96) less likely to received psychosocial Rx of any type in lifetime compared to white p = 0.0206, or received psychotropic med (AA OR 0.35, 0.02-0.71. His OR 0.37, 0.16-0.83. p < 0.01) & White pts w BPD more wks psychiatric hospitalisation p = 0.01

With PD: White 396/548 (72.3%) African American 78/548 (14.2%) Hispanic 74/548 (13.5%)

Chavira DA. Grilo CM. Shea T. Yen S. Gunderson JG. et al 2003

Hispanics had disproportionately more BPD than Caucasians (p < 0.001) and African Americans (p < 0.01). For STPD, African Americans had disproportionately more diagnoses than Caucasians (p < 0.05 and Hispanics (p < 0.05. No sig diff for AVPD or OCPD

With PD: 433/554 White (78.2%) 65/554 African American (11.7%) 56/554 Hispanic (10.1%)

Iwamasa GY. Larrabee AL. Merritt RD. 2000

Results suggest PD criteria were distributed systematically such that PD diagnosis were applied to certain ethnic grps. African American given Antisocial & paranoid PDs. Schizoid PD applied to Asian Americans. Schizotypal PD applied to Native Americans. All other PDs were applied to European Americans (BPD, Dependant, Narcissistic, & Obsessive-Compulsive). All p < 0.001.

Not real pts - hypothetical examples

Huang B. Grant BF. Dawson DA. Stinson FS. Chou SP. Et al 2006

Native Americans had the highest prevalence of PD, and Asians the lowest (see prevalence). Association between PD and Alcohol and Drug were positive & sig (except for Drugs & PD in Asians). This is true of unadjusted and adjusted (for age, income marital status, religion, sex, & urban city) ORs. Associations btwn alcohol & PD (1.7-5.0) were generally lower than between drugs & PD (2.1-6.3)

Prevalence captured in weighted % White 14.6% Black 16.6% (significant differences compared with White p < 0.05) Native American 24.1% (significant differences when White & black were compared, at p < 0.05). Asian 10.1% (significantly different from White, Black & N. Americans, at p < 0.05). Hispanic 14% (significantly different from other 4 ethnicities p < 0.05)

Compton WM. Cottler LB. Abdallah AR. Phelps DL. Spitznagel EL. & Horton JC. 2000

Antisocial PD present in 44% of respondents with drug dependence: 49% African American males, 26% African American females. 52% White males, 39% White females. The difference between race and PD w drug dependence was not sig. (i.e. p > 0.05). However, White race was associated with higher rates of generalised anxiety disorder than African Americans (p < 0.05) 6% African American men vs 15% White men & 7% African American women vs 16% White women

Antisocial PD within ethnic pop: 109/258 African American (42%) 77/167 Caucasian (46%) Antisocial PD: African American 109/186 (58.6%) Caucasian 77/186 (41.4%) Total sample: African American 109/425 (25.6%) Caucasian 77/425 (18.1%)