From: Anxiety and depression in Nepal: prevalence, comorbidity and associations
Variable | N | HADS-A (n = 340) | HADS-D (n = 109) | HADS-cAD (n = 137) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence | OR | p | Prevalence | OR | p | Prevalence | OR | p | ||
n (%) | 95Â % CI | n (%) | 95Â % CI | n (%) | 95Â % CI | |||||
Age (years) | ||||||||||
 18–25 | 489 | 84 (17.2) | Reference | - | 12 (2.5) | Reference | - | 20 (4.1) | Reference | - |
 26–35 | 657 | 115 (17.5) | 1.0 [0.8–1.4] | 0.89 | 23 (3.5) | 1.4 [0.7–2.9] | 0.31 | 30 (4.6) | 1.1 [0.6–2.0] | 0.69 |
 36–45 | 438 | 65 (14.8) | 0.8 [0.6–1.2] | 0.33 | 25 (5.7) | 2.4 [1.2–4.9] | 0.014 | 31 (7.1) | 1.8 [1.0–3.2] | 0.049 |
 46–55 | 298 | 49 (16.4) | 0.95 [0.6–1.4] | 0.79 | 26 (8.7) | 3.8 [1.9–7.7] | <0.001 | 28 (9.4) | 2.4 [1.3–4.4] | 0.003 |
 56–65 | 218 | 27 (12.4) | 0.7 [0.4–1.1] | 0.11 | 23 (10.6) | 4.7 [2.3–9.6] | <0.001 | 28 (12.8) | 3.5 [1.9–6.3] | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||||||||
 male | 861 | 119 (13.8) | Reference | - | 42 (4.9) | Reference | - | 44 (5.5) | Reference | - |
 female | 1239 | 221 (17.8) | 1.4 [1.1–1.7] | 0.014 | 67 (5.4) | 1.1 [0.8–1.7] | 0.59 | 93 (7.5) | 1.5 [1.0–2.2] | 0.031 |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 married | 1738 | 285 (16.4) | Reference | - | 92 (5.3) | Reference | - | 104 (6.0) | Reference | - |
 single | 239 | 35 (14.6) | 0.9 [0.6–1.3] | 0.49 | 5 (2.1) | 0.4 [0.2–0.95] | 0.038 | 8 (3.3) | 0.5 [0.3–1.1] | 0.10 |
 separated or divorced | 20 | 4 (20) | 1.3 [0.4–3.8] | 0.66 | 2 (10) | 2.0 [0.5–8.7] | 0.36 | 1 (5.0) | 0.8 [0.1–6.2] | 0.85 |
 widowed | 103 | 16 (15.5) | 0.9 [0.5–1.6] | 0.82 | 10 (9.7) | 1.9 [1.0–3.8] | 0.061 | 24 (23.3) | 4.8 [2.9–7.9] | <0.001 |
Household consumption (USD/year) | ||||||||||
 ≤950 | 822 | 128 (15.6) | 1.0 [0.8–1.3] | 0.97 | 54 (6.6) | 1.5 [1.0–2.3] | 0.065 | 54 (6.6) | 1.1 [0.7–1.6] | 0.68 |
 950–1200 | 806 | 126 (15.6) | Reference | - | 36 (4.5) | Reference | - | 49 (6.1) | Reference | - |
 >1200 | 472 | 86 (18.2) | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] | 0.23 | 19 (4) | 0.9 [0.5–1.6] | 0.71 | 34 (7.2) | 1.2 [0.8–1.9] | 0.43 |
Habitation | ||||||||||
 rural | 1328 | 206 (15.5) | Reference | - | 76 (5.7) | Reference | - | 84 (6.3) | Reference | - |
 urban | 772 | 134 (17.4) | 1.1 [0.9–1.5] | 0.27 | 33 (4.3) | 0.7 [0.5–1.1] | 0.15 | 53 (6.9) | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] | 0.63 |
Dwelling altitude | ||||||||||
 <2000 m | 1630 | 253 (15.5) | Reference | - | 71 (4.4) | Reference | - | 89 (5.5) | Reference | - |
 ≥2000 m | 470 | 87 (18.5) | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] | 0.12 | 38 (8.1) | 1.9 [1.3–2.9] | 0.002 | 48 (10.2) | 2.0 [1.4–2.8] | <0.001 |
Tobacco smoking | ||||||||||
 no | 1613 | 265 (16.4) | Reference | - | 76 (4.7) | Reference | - | 91 (5.6) | Reference | - |
 yes | 487 | 75 (15.4) | 0.6 [0.7–1.2] | 0.20 | 33 (6.8) | 1.5 [1.0–2.2] | 0.073 | 46 (9.4) | 1.7 [1.2–2.5] | 0.003 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||
 no | 1512 | 260 (17.2) | Reference | - | 77 (5.1) | Reference | - | 106 (7.0) | Reference | - |
 yes | 588 | 80 (13.6) | 0.8 [0.6–0.99] | 0.045 | 32 (5.4) | 1.1 [0.7–1.6] | 0.75 | 31 (5.6) | 0.7 [0.5–1.1] | 0.15 |
Marijuana use | ||||||||||
 no | 2065 | 335 (16.2) | Reference | - | 104 (5) | Reference | - | 134 (6.5) | Reference | - |
 yes | 35 | 5 (14.3) | 0.9 [0.3–2.2] | 0.76 | 5 (14.3) | 3.1 [1.2–8.3] | 0.020 | 8 (3.6) | 1.4 [0.4–4.5] | 0.62 |
Tumpline use: frequency | ||||||||||
 never | 801 | 125 (15.6) | Reference | - | 29 (3.6) | Reference | - | 46 (5.7) | Reference | - |
 sometimes | 532 | 89 (16.7) | 1.1 [0.8–1.5] | 0.58 | 28 (5.3) | 1.5 [0.9–2.5] | 0.15 | 24 (4.5) | 0.8 [0.5–1.2] | 0.32 |
 daily | 767 | 126 (16.4) | 1.1 [0.8–1.4] | 0.66 | 52 (6.8) | 1.9 [1.2–3.1] | 0.005 | 67 (8.7) | 1.6 [1.1–2.3] | 0.023 |
Tumpline use: heaviness of load | ||||||||||
 never used | 801 | 125 (15.6) | Reference | - | 29 (3.6) | Reference | - | 46 (5.7) | Reference | - |
 light, moderate | 801 | 116 (14.5) | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] | 0.53 | 45 (5.6) | 1.6 [1.0–2.6] | 0.06 | 44 (5.5) | 1.0 [0.6–1.5] | 0.83 |
 heavy | 498 | 99 (19.9) | 1.3 [1.0–1.8] | 0.048 | 35 (7.0) | 2.0 [1.2–3.3] | 0.007 | 47 (9.4) | 1.7 [1.1–2.6] | 0.013 |
Life toughness | ||||||||||
 easy | 417 | 47 (11.3) | Reference | - | 14 (3.4) | Reference | - | 11 (2.6) | Reference | - |
 medium | 1137 | 158 (13.9) | 1.3 [0.9–1.8] | 0.18 | 55 (4.8) | 1.5 [0.8–2.7] | 0.21 | 49 (4.3) | 1.7 [0.9–3.2] | 0.13 |
 tough | 546 | 135 (24.7) | 2.6 [1.8–3.7] | <0.001 | 40 (7.3) | 2.3 [1.2–4.2] | 0.010 | 77 (14.1) | 6.1 [3.2–11.6] | <0.001 |